The theoretical study of electrostatic discharge (ESD) has been quite mature. In order to simulate and analyze electrostatic events, many electrostatic discharge models have been designed.
Common electrostatic models are: human body model (HBM), live device model, field induction model, field enhancement model, machine model and capacitance coupling model and so on.
The chip level is generally tested by HBM, while electronic products are tested by the discharge model of IEC 1000-4-2.
In order to standardize the testing of ESD, in terms of industrial standards, the European Community’s IEC 61000-4-2 has established a strict transient shock suppression standard; electronic products must meet this standard before they can be sold to the member states of the European Community.